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\newtheorem{conjecture}{Conjecture} \newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary} \newtheorem{criterion}{Criterion} \newtheorem{definition}{Definition} \newtheorem{example}{Example} \newtheorem{exercise}{Exercise} \newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma} \newtheorem{notation}{Notation} \newtheorem{problem}{Problem} \newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition} \newtheorem{remark}{Remark} \newtheorem{solution}{Solution} \newtheorem{summary}{Summary} \newenvironment{proof}[1][Proof]{\noindent\textbf{#1.} }{\ \rule{0.5em}{0.5em}} \input{tcilatex} <bodyText><bold>Choice and Competition in Public Service Provision</bold><notewrapper type="footnote"><note type="footnote"><bodyText> We are grateful to participants in the Economic Theory Workshop at Nuffield College for helpful comments on an early presentation of these ideas. </bodyText></note></notewrapper></bodyText> Timothy Besley  LSE and CIFAR James M. Malcomson  University of Oxford In spite of a range of policy initiatives in sectors such as education, healthcare and security services, whether choice and competition is valuable remains contested territory. This paper puts forward a canonical model for framing the issues where a monopoly incumbent faces potential competition from an entrant. A novel feature of the framework is studying how competition plays out for different objectives of providers -- for-profit or not-for-profit -- in the presence of unobserved quality dimensions. We show why entry is less likely with a not-for-proft incumbent. If consumers are well-informed, competition is welfare enhancing in a wide range of cases provided the incumbent, if not-for-profit, retains its not-for-profit objective. But we also illustrate cases when it may not be. We discuss when policy-makers should encourage and discourage entry. Our model also gives an insight into why initiatives are frequently opposed by incumbent providers even if the latter have not-for-profit objectives.   Keywords: Choice, Competition, Public Service   JEL codes: H11, H44, L21, L31. \thispagestyle {empty}
Introduction \setcounter {page}{1} Pressures on government finances the world over have spurred calls for cost saving in the provision of public services. Yet whether there are benefits from opening up to external competitors in the provision of public services remains a controversial topic. The logic for allowing competition is superficially compelling; if there are potential providers who know how to produce more cheaply than incumbent public sector providers, then it would make sense for public services to harness these benefits. Suspicion about the value of competition comes from the fact that public services are typically provided by incumbents whose goals are not-for-profit while many entrants could be standard private firms that are interested in making profits. And there are good reasons, such as the difficulty of specifying quality, externalities, equity concerns and minimum service obligations which underpin why most public services are not left to the market in the first place. The aim of this paper is to provide a canonical model of choice and competition in public services that takes account of the strategic interactions between providers. There are four key features of the approach. First, there is a set of mobile consumers who are willing to exercise choice. Second, potential service providers differ in their costs, with some having an intrinsic cost advantage. Third, there are dimensions to quality affecting consumer benefits that consumers are not in a position to assess before choosing a provider. Fourth, some providers have not-for-profit motives which may or may not be at variance with consumer preferences. We begin with a single incumbent provider. In many applications, this would be a public provider. However, it also fits the scenario where there is a local not-for-profit hospital operating in a distinct locality as in Gaynor et al (2015). We are interested first in the impact of expanding choice by opening up provision of the service to competition where the entrant receives the same regulated price for the service as the incumbent. Choice in such cases may be exercised directly as when a consumer chooses a school or a hospital. It may, however, be exercised indirectly by an intermediary such as a doctor choosing on behalf of a patient. We suppose that the incumbent remains active in the provision of services alongside any private sector competitor. We show how the objectives of the providers -- for-profit or not-for-profit -- affect the case for choice and competition. Under a wide range of reasonable conditions, competition is welfare enhancing provided consumers are well-informed and the incumbent, if not-for-profit, retains its not-for-profit objective. But less entry can be expected when the incumbent is a not-for-profit provider than when it is a for-profit provider. The paper also explores the factors that determine whether policy makers will wish to create a level playing field for incumbents and entrants. We show that there can be grounds for either encouraging or discouraging entry through the pricing of the service. In general, we find a presumption against a level playing field and explore the factors that shape this decision optimally. The model that we develop shows why opposition to competition can be expected from incumbents, particular provider interests, whose monopoly rents (whether earned as profit or having control over decisions) are threatened. It is important that such insiders are not therefore decisive in determining policy even when they pursue non-profit objectives.
The Model Set-up A not-for-profit provider's objective is a weighted sum of consumer and provider preferences, i.e. [ λ ( β ⁢ Q + q ) + ( 1 − λ ) ⁢ ( Q + q − τ ⁢ p i ) ] x i = [ α ⁢ Q + q − ( ⁢ 1 − λ ) τ ⁢ p i ] x i , A not-for-profit provider must also respect the profit constraint { p i − [ c ⁡ ( Q ) + c ⁡ ( q ) ] / θ i } ⁢ x i ≥ 0. First consider the values of { Q , q } that maximize ( ) subject to the profit constraint ( ).  The Value of Not-for-profit Provision We note the following: The consumer utility provided by a monopoly not-for-profit incumbent, U * ⁡ ( α , θ I , p I ) , is increasing in θ I and p I and decreasing in α. This proposition says that .
Implications The utility of the flexible consumers is 2 ⁢ c − 1 \genfrac {(}{)}{}{}{p \theta _{E}}{2} > U * ⁡ ( α I , θ I , p ) , for α I > 1. This case sees the paternalism of the incumbent completely undone by entry as far as flexible consumers are concerned because they get their maximal utility given the cost efficiency of the providers. The essential point is that Bertrand competition leaves no scope for providers to indulge their own preferences over those of flexible consumers. agsm
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PDF statistics: 87 PDF objects out of 1000 (max. 8388607) 63 compressed objects within 1 object stream 0 named destinations out of 1000 (max. 500000) 1 words of extra memory for PDF output out of 10000 (max. 10000000) PKqH $$ tex/main.tex %% Produced by Scientific WorkPlace %% Version 2016040100 %% Created Sat Apr 16 2016 14:13:39 GMT+0100 (BST) %% Last revised Sat Apr 16 2016 14:13:49 GMT+0100 (BST) \documentclass[12pt, a4paper]{article} %% preamble \usepackage{amssymb,amsmath,xcolor,graphicx,xspace,colortbl, rotating} % ,revsymb4-1} \usepackage{amsmath} %% 010 \usepackage{amssymb,amsmath,xcolor,graphicx,xspace,colortbl, rotating} %% 100 \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} %% 100 \usepackage[margin=1.00in,ignorehead]{geometry} %% 100 \usepackage[raggedrightboxes]{ragged2e} %% 100 \graphicspath{{../graphics/}{../tcache/}{../gcache/}} \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.eps,.ps,.png,.jpg,.jpeg} \graphicspath{{ExportTeX1_graphics/}{ExportTeX1_tcache/}{ExportTeX1_gcache/}} \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.eps,.ps,.png,.jpg,.jpeg} \setcounter{MaxMatrixCols}{10} \graphicspath{{Draft_260216_graphics/}{Draft_260216_tcache/}{Draft_260216_gcache/}} \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.svg,.eps,.ps,.png,.jpg,.jpeg} \graphicspath{{Draft_170216_graphics/}{Draft_170216_tcache/}{Draft_170216_gcache/}} \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.svg,.eps,.ps,.png,.jpg,.jpeg} \graphicspath{{Draft_170216_graphics/}{Draft_170216_tcache/}{Draft_170216_gcache/}} \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.svg,.eps,.ps,.png,.jpg,.jpeg} \graphicspath{{Simple_Set Up 200116_graphics/}{Simple_Set Up 200116_tcache/}{Simple_Set Up 200116_gcache/}} \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.svg,.eps,.ps,.png,.jpg,.jpeg} \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem} \newtheorem{acknowledgement}{Acknowledgement} \newtheorem{algorithm}{Algorithm} \newtheorem{assumption}{Assumption} \newtheorem{axiom}{Axiom} \newtheorem{case}{Case} \newtheorem{claim}{Claim} \newtheorem{conclusion}{Conclusion} \newtheorem{condition}{Condition} \newtheorem{conjecture}{Conjecture} \newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary} \newtheorem{criterion}{Criterion} \newtheorem{definition}{Definition} \newtheorem{example}{Example} \newtheorem{exercise}{Exercise} \newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma} \newtheorem{notation}{Notation} \newtheorem{problem}{Problem} \newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition} \newtheorem{remark}{Remark} \newtheorem{solution}{Solution} \newtheorem{summary}{Summary} \newenvironment{proof}[1][Proof]{\noindent\textbf{#1.} }{\ \rule{0.5em}{0.5em}} \input{tcilatex} \begin{document} \title{\textbf{Choice and Competition in Public Service Provision}\protect\footnote{ We are grateful to participants in the Economic Theory Workshop at Nuffield College for helpful comments on an early presentation of these ideas. }} \author{Timothy Besley~~\\\relax LSE and CIFAR \and James M. Malcomson~~\\\relax University of Oxford} \maketitle \begin{abstract}In spite of a range of policy initiatives in sectors such as education, healthcare and security services, whether choice and competition is valuable remains contested territory. This paper puts forward a canonical model for framing the issues where a monopoly incumbent faces potential competition from an entrant. A novel feature of the framework is studying how competition plays out for different objectives of providers -- for-profit or not-for-profit -- in the presence of unobserved quality dimensions.~We show why entry is less likely with a not-for-proft incumbent. If consumers are well-informed, competition is welfare enhancing in a wide range of cases provided the incumbent, if not-for-profit, retains its not-for-profit objective. But we also illustrate cases when it may not be. We discuss when policy-makers should encourage and discourage entry. Our model also gives an insight into why initiatives are frequently opposed by incumbent providers even if the latter have not-for-profit objectives. ~~\\\relax \textit{Keywords: }Choice, Competition, Public Service ~~\\\relax \textit{JEL codes: }H11, H44, L21, L31. \end{abstract} %TCIMACRO{\TeXButton{thispagestyle}{\thispagestyle {empty}}}% %BeginExpansion \thispagestyle {empty} %EndExpansion \newpage \section{Introduction} %TCIMACRO{\TeXButton{setcounter}{\setcounter {page}{1}}}% %BeginExpansion \setcounter {page}{1} %EndExpansion Pressures on government finances the world over have spurred calls for cost saving in the provision of public services. Yet whether there are benefits from opening up to external competitors in the provision of public services remains a controversial topic. The logic for allowing competition is superficially compelling; if there are potential providers who know how to produce more cheaply than incumbent public sector providers, then it would make sense~for public services to harness these benefits. Suspicion about the value of competition comes from the fact that public services are typically provided by incumbents whose goals are not-for-profit while many entrants could be standard private firms that are interested in making profits. And there are good reasons, such as the difficulty of specifying quality, externalities, equity concerns and minimum service obligations which underpin why most public services are not left to the market in the first place. The aim of this paper is to provide a canonical model of choice and competition in public services that takes account of the strategic interactions between providers. There are four key features of the approach. First, there is a set of mobile consumers who are willing to exercise choice. Second, potential service providers differ in their costs, with some having an intrinsic cost advantage. Third, there are dimensions to quality affecting consumer benefits that consumers are not in a position to assess before choosing a provider. Fourth, some providers have not-for-profit motives which may or may not be at variance with consumer preferences. We begin with a single incumbent provider.~In many applications, this would be a public provider.~However, it also fits the scenario where there is a local not-for-profit hospital operating in a distinct locality as in Gaynor et al (2015).~We are interested first in the impact of expanding choice by opening up provision of the service to competition where the entrant receives the same regulated price for the service as the incumbent. Choice in such cases may be exercised directly as when a consumer chooses a school or a hospital. It may, however, be exercised indirectly by an intermediary such as a doctor choosing on behalf of a patient. We suppose that the incumbent remains active in the provision of services alongside any private sector competitor. We show how the objectives of the providers -- for-profit or not-for-profit -- affect the case for choice and competition. Under a wide range of reasonable conditions, competition is welfare enhancing provided consumers are well-informed and the incumbent, if not-for-profit, retains its not-for-profit objective. But less entry can be expected when the incumbent is a not-for-profit provider than when it is a for-profit provider. The paper also explores the factors that determine whether policy makers will wish to create a level playing field for incumbents and entrants. We show that there can be grounds for either encouraging or discouraging entry through the pricing of the service.~In general, we find a presumption \emph{against}~a level playing field and explore the factors that shape this decision optimally. The model that we develop shows why opposition to competition can be expected from incumbents, particular provider interests, whose monopoly rents (whether earned as profit or having control over decisions) are threatened. It is important that such insiders are not therefore decisive in determining policy even when they pursue non-profit objectives. \section{The Model} \label{S: model} \paragraph{Set-up} A not-for-profit provider's objective is a weighted sum of consumer and provider preferences, i.e. \begin{equation}[\lambda (\beta Q +q) +(1 -\lambda ) (Q +q -\tau p_{i})]x_{i} =[\alpha Q +q -( 1 -\lambda )\tau p_{i}]x_{i} , \label{NP} \end{equation} A not-for-profit provider must also respect the profit constraint \begin{equation}\left \{p_{i} -\left [c \left (Q\right ) +c \left (q\right )\right ]/\theta _{i}\right \} x_{i} \geq 0. \label{zero profit condition} \end{equation} First consider the values of $\left \{Q ,q\right \}$ that maximize ( \ref{NP}) subject to the profit constraint ( \ref{zero profit condition}).~ \paragraph{The Value of Not-for-profit Provision} We note the following: \begin{proposition}The consumer utility provided by a monopoly not-for-profit incumbent, $U^{ \ast } \left (\alpha ,\theta _{I} ,p_{I}\right )$, is increasing in $\theta _{I}$ and $p_{I}$ and decreasing in $\alpha $. \end{proposition} This proposition says that . \section{Implications} \label{S: implications} The utility of the flexible consumers is \begin{equation*}2 c^{ -1} %TCIMACRO{\TeXButton{\genfrac }{\genfrac {(}{)}{}{}{p \theta _{E}}{2}}}% %BeginExpansion \genfrac {(}{)}{}{}{p \theta _{E}}{2} %EndExpansion >U^{ \ast } \left (\alpha _{I} ,\theta _{I} ,p\right ) ,\;\ \text{for}\ \ \alpha _{I} >1. \end{equation*} This case sees the paternalism of the incumbent completely undone by entry as far as flexible consumers are concerned because they get their maximal utility given the cost efficiency of the providers. 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Ni"7~&Uov-QBtMk8U[!BeWtrC:(鐘SsGomyJ5{3T:Q>]u>Ag>9NI쵷Qx_tח[ 0ݦh(t&x7!CHzR攕u]8@} 9Xu haҋy(,FQb;>q*.i]:}G:̢_pܭ$BߕzE|rc[gU̶=iTұe\  .|T#"fphh]Jɒ v{#+r&1-3"(i aN/J){g9enُnECjD~iժTP4?IO _^~%ј=&c0(DtaLM5^ x6G-i`x F&x "np5lgobjk郷 ] KJڨBOjuYj/'VjxC]#! aFǙr?6ы4n)?>)6Ө{99.Pu:ŨJ0gYx懍 *:siӹ9Acrΐ΢r3SJww?Ms:J;zeٵuz]njbxgX˿Vl7}*UfA $Eu*۞ [4hNOnL.\.VH6\6u1sа]y|= QT 8̊|ە9)g endstream endobj 59 0 obj << /Length1 1475 /Length2 6783 /Length3 0 /Length 7793 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xڍx4־ND5C:C[1 ft"zމ JtABtѣGo7Z߷fyg5l̺|r;2 Zf  (o⁄"PآИ- MB0HA Po"ChhpMutB Dy\!P-erw0GNI'M\@ۛɏpxCQN}*m S?! `p@yz@hCH'@0PA5"W?޿A῝m`- w8@a&? 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